Per quanto riguarda il modulo di Biologia, lo studente che avrà completato il corso con successo avrà acquisito un lessico specifico per illustrare aspetti morfologici e funzionali della cellula procariotica ed eucariotica ed avrà acquisito conoscenze sui principi fondamentali che guidano organizzazione e funzioni cellulari e molecolari. Inoltre lo studente avrà appreso anche i meccanismi alla base della trasmissione dei caratteri ed alle analisi di base di genetica quantitativa e di popolazioni con particolare riferimento a specifici meccanismi evolutivi
Biology: The student who successfully completes the course will be able to demonstrate knowledge of fundamental principles that guide eucariotic and procariotic cellular organization and function.
Neuroanatomy: The student who successfully completes the course will have the ability to comprehend and describe the anatomy of the human nervous system with the appropriate terminology. The student will get an in depth knowledge of the organization and function of sensory and motor systems of the brain, along with the functional connections between the central and peripheral nervous system.
esame orale
oral examination
Al termine del modulo di Biologia, lo studente sarà capace di illustrare, capire e possibilmente analizzare criticamente argomenti che riguardano i principali processi di biologia cellulare, di genetica molecolare e formale
Biology: At the end of the course, the student will be able to understand and possibly critically analyze principal biological cellular processes.
Neuroanatomy: At the end of the course, the students will have acquired critical instruments to understand the general patterns of organization of the central nervous system and the main mechanisms of sensory processing and organization of the motor outputs.
Per quanto riguarda il modulo di Biologia, durante le ore di lezione saranno proposti momenti di autovalutazione ed al termine del corso sarà programmato un esame finale per verificare l'acquisizione delle capacità.
Biology: during class lessons, self-assessment moments will be proposed and a final exam to verify the acquisition of skills.
Neuroanatomy: The skills acquired by the student during the course will be assessed during the final examination
Biology:The student can acquire analytical spirit about cellular biology processes.
Biology: In the final test will be verified the learning as well as the analytical and critical spirit about the topics discussed in the course.
Per il modulo di Biologia: conoscenze di base di chimica, biochimica e biologia acquisite durante il percorso scolastico della scuola secondaria di secondo grado.
Biology: basic knowledge about general chemistry and cell biology, acquired by the student during his/her secondary school education.
Per il modulo di Biologia è consiglaita, ma non obbligatoria, la frequenza alle lezioni; la partecipazioni alle discussioni ed alle esercitazioni in aula. Lo studio individuale è da svolgere su un valido testo didattico, ed il materiale (slides e dispense) fornite dalla docente devono essere di ausilio nell'orientamento degli argomenti trattati e non sostitutivo di un valido testo.
Per il modulo di Morfologia del Sistema Nervoso e degli organi di senso è consigliata la frequenza alle lezioni.
Biology: attendance at lessons is recommended, but not mandatory. Participation in classroom discussions and exercises are encouraged . The individual study is to be carried out on a valid didactic text; the slides provided by the teacher are not a substitute for a valid text.
Neuroanatomy:
Programma del modulo di Morfologia del Sistema Nervoso e degli organi di senso
Ricevimento previo appuntamento per email, da inviare all'indirizzo: larisa.ryskalin@unipi.it
Programma del modulo di biologia 1 (professor Rossi)
Programma del modulo di biologia 2 (dott.ssa Guidi):
Genetics (2CFU)
Professor Leonardo Rossi
Characteristics of life classification of the living.
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya: properties, strategies and evolution.
The chemical components of the cell.
Composition, structure and functions of cell membranes.
Diffusion and transport through the membrane.
The intracellular compartments and the sorting of proteins.
Vesicular traffic. The pathways of endocytosis and secretion. Intracellular digestion.
The mitochondria, structure, origin and functions.
The cytoskeleton and cell motility.
The cycle and cell division: mitosis.
Asexual and sexual reproduction, life cycles.
The meiotic division.
Origin and development of germ cells.
Fertilization.
Genetic role of DNA.
The structure of chromatin and chromosomes, the karyotype.
DNA replication.
The flow of genetic information.
The structure of the gene in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The different types of RNA, synthesis and maturation mechanisms.
The ribosome and protein synthesis.
The genetic code.
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes.
Basic mechanisms of heredity: Mendel's experiments and their chromosomal and molecular interpretation.
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles.
Gene interaction, epistasis
Genotypic and phenotypic variability: genes and environmentpenetrance and expressiveness.
Determination of sex and sex chromosomes.
Associated genes and crossing-over.
Mutations
The heritability.
Genetic structure of a population, genotypic and allelic frequencies.
Evolutionary genetics.
Biology 2 (2cfu)
Dott.ssa Patrizia Guidi
- CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS: structure and function of cellular connections;
- CELL COMMUNICATION: General principles of cellular signaling. Signal molecules and signal transduction. Receptors associated with ion channel, G proteins and the tyrosine kinase receptors;
- BIRTH AND DEATH OF CELL: The cell cycle and the cell cycle control system. The dependent CDK-cyclin complexes. Check points G1-S, G2-M and anaphase. Apoptosis and necrosis processes.
-VIRUS: Notes on viruses; lithic and lysogenic cycle. Aspects of biological interest on the ongoing Sars-CoV-2 pandemia
Neuranatomy (5cfu)
Dott.ssa Larisa Ryskalin
Introduction to human nervous system and brief mentioning of development of the human nervous system: neural plate, notochordal plate, neural groove, neural crest. Primary vesicles, flexures and secondary vesicles of the neural tube. Main structures derived from each secondary vesicle. Schematization of development of cranial nerves. Brief mentioning of spinal cord development. Gross anatomy of the encephalon: terminology of the components of the CNS. Meninges, epidural space. Brain ventricles. CSF: circulation, reabsorption, and CSF-brain barriers. Brain hemispheres: main sulci; definition of the different lobes. Overview of the brainstem. Identifying and naming main structures from sections of brain stem. Gross anatomy of the human spinal cord: External features. Denticulate ligaments; cervical and lumbar enlargement; relation of spinal cord myelomeres and spinal nerves with segments of the vertebral column. Spinal cord meninges. Main features of spinal nerves. Structure of the spinal cord: laminar and nuclear organization of gray matter including detailed description of the types of neurons, afferents and efferents. Ventral and dorsal radicular cells, funicular cells; ascending bundles of spinal cord white matter. Site of termination of afferent fibers of different sizes into the spinal cord grey matter. Somatotopic organization of neurons in the laminae IX. Sensitive pathways. Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathways; Spino-thalamic system: site of origin in the spinal cord; paleo- and neo-spinothalamic system. The neuromuscular spindles. Alpha-gamma co-activation. Reflexes. Myotatic reflex. Nociception and mechanisms of control. Thalamus: general features. Cortex: brief overview of the gross anatomy of the human cortex, and of Brodmann areas . Main cortical gyri. Definition of homotypic and heterotypic cortex and main features of isocortex, mesocortex and allocortex. Motor systems. Description of motor areas on the lateral and medial surface of the cerebral cortex. The homunculus motorius. Origin of descending pathways. Cortico-spinal and cortico-nuclear pyramidal bundle. Pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, discrepancies between anatomical and functional criteria, fallacy and reality. Definition of gross, fine and fractionated movements. Cooperation between pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. Replacing the concept of pyramidal and extrapyramidal with medial and lateral systems. Definition of motor unit. Renshaw cells and theuir multiple roles. The functional anatomy of the neurovegetative system: orthosympathetic, parasympathetic, metasympathetic. Anatomical, neurochemical and functional description. . The basal ganglia. Neotriatum (caudate and putamen) and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). Modern definition enriched of the mesodiencephalic structures (subthalamus and substantia nigra pars reticulata) and deprived of the archistriatum (amygdala and claustrum). The internal capsule. Striatal mosaic: patch and matrix. The basal ganglia circuitry, output, input and subthalamic nucleus; direct, indirect and hyper-direct pathways. Cerebellum. Gross anatomy of its external and internal features. Integrating the medio-lateral with antero-posterior gradient to define the cerebellum; spino-cerebellum, pontocerebellum and vestibulo-oculomotor cerebellum. The cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cells, granule cells, parallel fibers, golgi cells, basket and stellate cells, unipolar brush cells, Lugaro cells. Deep cerebellar nuclei, mossy fibers and climbing fibers. The cerebellar glomerulus (synaptic triad). The reticular formation of the brainstem. The experiments of Moruzzi and Magoun. Cytoarchitecture as a criterion to define the brainstem reticular formation; isodendritic, idiodendritic and allodendritic neurons. The topographic and neurochemical subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, nuclei of the medial, median, and lateral band. The limbic system. Organs of specific sense. Organization of the olfactory system an d visual systems.
Modulo di: Morfologia del Sistema Nervoso e degli Organi di Senso:
Testi consigliati
-Neuroanatomia con riferimenti funzionali e clinici, Fitzgerald et al., Edizione Elsevier-Masson
-Atlante di Neuroscienze, Netter, Edizione Elsevier-Masson
-Anatomia della formazione reticolare nel tronco encefalico dell'uomo, Francesco Fornai e Michela Ferrucci, Pisa University Press.
Sono inoltre fornite le slide delle lezioni.
Modulo di: Biologia 1 e 2
Testi consigliati
- P. Solomon, et al. Elementi di Biologia VII edizione, 2017 EDISES
sui portali e-learning dei docenti è inoltre a disposizione ulteriore materiale didattico
Biology
suggested books:
- P. Solomon, et al. Elementi di Biologia VII edizione, 2017 EDISES
- David Sadava, et al. Elementi di Biologia e Genetica , 2014 ZANICHELLI
- F.Mangia e A. Bevilacqua Basi Biologiche dell’Attività Psichica, 2011 PICCIN
The slides of the lessons are also provided (e-learning web site)
Genetics
suggested books:
- P. Solomon, et al. Elementi di Biologia VII edizione, 2017 EDISES
- David Sadava, et al. Elementi di Biologia e Genetica , 2014 ZANICHELLI
The slides of the lessons are also provided (e-learning web site)
Neuroanatomy
suggested books:
- Fitzgerald et al., Eds Elsevier-Masson
-Atlas of Neuroscienze, Netter, Eds Elsevier-Masson
Orale
Oral