Per il modulo di Biologia, alla fine del corso lo studente avrà acquisito le conoscenze sulla organizzazione strutturale e funzionale delle cellule eucariotiche e procariotiche con particolare riferimento alla organizzazione del materiale genetico, al flusso della informazione genica ed ai meccanismi di trasmissione dei caratteri.
Per i moduli di istologia e anatomia, si forniscono le conoscenze di base dell'organizzazione dei tessuti, degli organi e dei sistemi, con aspetti morfo-funzionali.
The student who successfully completes the course will have the ability to describe gross and structural anatomy, as well as fundamental principles that guide cellular organization and tissue function. The student will be able to demonstrate a solid knowledge of anatomy of the human body, and of cell structure anf functioning including molecular genetics, basic mechanisms of gene expression and transmission of genetic traits. The student will be able to demonstrate advanced knowledge of morphological patterns of cells and tissues. The student will be aware of morphofunctional relationship.
Abilità a discutere i principali argomenti del corso utilizzando una terminologia applicata ed esponendo tutti i necessari collegamenti morfofunzionali.
metodologia di esame:
esame finale in forma orale
esame finale in forma scritta (istologia)
The student will be assessed on his/her demonstrated ability to discuss the main course contents using the appropriate terminology. - During the oral exam the student must be able to demonstrate his/her knowledge of the course material and be able to discuss the reading matter thoughtfully and with propriety of expression. - The student's ability to explain correctly the main topics presented during the course at the board will be assessed. With the oral presentation, to be made to the teacher and the other students, the student must demonstrate the ability to approach a circumscribed research problem, and organise an effective exposition of the results.
Methods:
il corso si svolgerà attraverso lezioni frontali a distanza mediante l'ausilio di slides e/o filmati.
the course will include lectures (in distance learning modality), projection of power point presentation and of some didactic films.
PROGRAMMA DI ANATOMIA
CONCETTI INTRODUTTIVI
Terminologia anatomica. I piani di sezione. Le principali regioni anatomiche.
APPARATO CARDIO-CIRCOLATORIO
Grande e piccola circolazione. Struttura delle arterie di grosso, medio e piccolo calibro. L’aorta e i suoi rami principali. Arteria mesenterica superiore. Struttura dei capillari e loro significato funzionale. Struttura delle vene di grosso, medio e piccolo calibro. Sistema delle vene cave. Vena porta. Anastomosi porta-cava. Anastomosi artero-venose.
Apparato linfatico: vasi linfatici, linfonodi e condotto toracico.
Cuore: configurazione interna ed esterna; rapporti. Atrio destro e sinistro. Ventricolo destro e sinistro. Valvole cardiache. Sistema di conduzione. Arterie coronarie e vene cardiache. Pericardio. Circolazione fetale.
APPARATO DIGERENTE
Cavità buccale. Denti e loro struttura. Lingua: morfologia e struttura. Istmo delle fauci e tonsilla palatina. Ghiandole salivari maggiori e minori. Faringe. Esofago. Stomaco: posizione, forma, rapporti e struttura. Intestino tenue e struttura del villo intestinale. Intestino crasso e sua struttura. Fegato: posizione, forma, rapporti e struttura. Pancreas: posizione, forma, rapporti e struttura. Peritoneo.
APPARATO RESPIRATORIO
Generalità su cavità nasali e seni paranasali. Laringe: posizione, forma e struttura. Trachea e bronchi: generalità. Polmoni: posizione, forma, rapporti e struttura. Pleure. Alveolo polmonare.
APPARATO URO-GENITALE
Rene: posizione, forma, rapporti e struttura. Vie urinarie: calici renali, pelvi, uretere, vescica e uretra. Apparato genitale maschile: testicolo e vie spermatiche. Apparato genitale femminile: ovaio e sua struttura (evoluzione del follicolo ooforo); utero e vagina.
SISTEMA ENDOCRINO
Struttura di ipofisi, tiroide, pancreas endocrino e surrene.
PROGRAMMA DEL MODULO DI BIOLOGIA PER SCIENZE MOTORIE
PROGRAMMA del MODULO di ISTOLOGIA per Scienze Motorie, anno accademico 2017-2018
CFU: 2
Docente: Letizia Mattii
Testo consigliato:Elementi di Istologia di Roberta Di Pietro, EdiSES
Tessuti epiteliali: caratteristiche morfologiche e funzionali
Epiteli di rivestimento: classificazione.
Epiteli ghiandolari: ghiandole esocrine unicellulari e classificazione ghiandole esocrine pluricellulari; ghiandole endocrine.
Epiteli sensoriali: le cellule sensitive secondarie.
Tessuti connettivi: caratteristiche morfologiche e funzionali.
Tessuti connettivi propriamente detti: le cellule (fibroblasta-fibrocita, macrofago, adipocita, mastocita); le fibre (collagene, reticolari, elastiche); componenti della sostanza fondamentale amorfa. Classificazione dei tessuti connettivi propriamente detti.
Tessuto cartilagineo: cartilagine ialina, cartilagine ialina articolare, cartilagine fibrosa, cartilagine elastica.
Tessuto osseo: descrizione del tessuto osseo lamellare compatto, osteone; rimodellamento del tessuto osseo.
Sangue:caratteristiche generali; plasma; eritrociti; leucociti; trombociti. Cenni su midollo osseo.
Linfa: caratteristiche generali.
Tessuto nervoso: caratteristiche generali morfologiche e funzionali.
Classificazione e morfologia delle cellule nervose. La fibra nervosa. Le sinapsi. La nevroglia.
Tessuti muscolari: caratteristiche generali morfologiche e funzionali.
Tessuto muscolare scheletrico: la fibra muscolare; il sarcomero; il reticolo sarcoplasmatico; la placca motrice; l’unità motoria.
Tessuto muscolare cardiaco: il cardiomiocita; il reticolo sarcoplasmatico.
Tessuto muscolare liscio: la fibrocellula; muscolatura viscerale e multiunitaria.
Detailed program of anatomy.
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Concept of cell, tissue, organ, and system. Anatomical terminology. Axes and anatomical planes. General structure of compact organs (stroma and parenchyma). General structure of the different layers of the wall of canal-like organs.
MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS
Bone classification: long, short and flat. Description of the main bones: mandible, vertebral column, scapula, thoracic cage (ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae), pelvis and limb skeleton. Description of the main muscle groups: abdominal, shoulder, arm and thigh muscles. Description of the shoulder and hip joints.
CARDIO-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
General concepts. Pulmonary and systemic circulation. Structure of large, medium and small arteries. The aorta and its branches. Celiac artery. Upper mesenteric artery. Structure and classification of capillaries and their functional meaning. Structure of large, medium and small veins. Cave vein system. Superficial veins of the lower limb (saphenous veins). Veno-venous anastomoses (azygos system), arterio-arterial and arteriovenous. Admirable arterial and venous networks.
Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels; lymph node.
Heart: position, shape, relations, external and internal configuration. Right and left atrium. Right and left ventricle. Heart valves. Fibrous skeleton of the heart. Electrical conduction system of the heart. Coronary arteries and cardiac veins. Fibrous and serous pericardium. Fetal circulation.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Oral cavity. Teeth and their structure. Tongue: morphology, structure of lingual papillae and gustatory calyces. Major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual. Palatine tonsil. Pharynx: morphological description of its different parts. Esophagus: morphology and structure. Abdominal cavity. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. Stomach: position, shape, relations; structure of the mucosa and gastric glands. Intestine: structure of the mucosa of the small intestine (villi and glands) and of the large intestine (glands). Liver: position, shape and relations; structure of the hepatic lobule. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. Portal system. Porta-cava anastomosis (periesophageal plexus, paraombelical veins, hemorrhoidal plexus). Pancreas: position, shape, relations and structure.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal cavities. Larynx: position, shape and structure. Trachea and bronchi. Morphology of the lungs. Respiratory tract structure, with particular regard to the pulmonary alveolus.
URO-GENITAL SYSTEM
Kidney: position, shape, fascia and renal space; nephron structure (renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule). Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Urinary tract: renal calyx, pelvis, ureter, bladder. Male reproductive system: testicle and spermatic ducts. Female reproductive system: ovary and its structure (evolution of the follicle: primary, secondary, mature or vesicular follicle; corpus luteum and its evolution); uterus (position, shape, peritoneal ligaments, relations; cyclic structure and modifications of the endometrium).
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, endocrine pancreas and adrenal gland.
PROGRAM of the MODULE of HISTOLOGY for Motor Sciences Teacher: Letizia Mattii Recommended text: Elements of Histology by Roberta Di Pietro, EdiSES Epithelial tissues: morphological and functional characteristics Coating epithelia: classification. Glandular epithelia: unicellular exocrine glands and classification of multicellular exocrine glands; endocrine glands. Sensory epithelia: secondary sensory cells. Connective tissues: morphological and functional characteristics. Connective tissues proper: cells (fibroblast-fibrocyte, macrophage, adipocyte, mast cell); fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic); components of the amorphous basic substance. Classification of connective tissues proper. Cartilage tissue: hyaline cartilage, articular hyaline cartilage, fibrous cartilage, elastic cartilage. Bone tissue: description of compact lamellar bone tissue, osteon; remodeling of bone tissue. Blood: general characteristics; plasma; erythrocytes; leukocytes; thrombocytes. Notes on bone marrow. Lymph: general characteristics. Nervous tissue: general morphological and functional characteristics. Nerve cell classification and morphology. The nerve fiber. The synapses. The neurlia. Muscle tissues: general morphological and functional characteristics. Skeletal muscle tissue: the muscle fiber; the sarcomere; the sarcoplasmic reticulum; the driving plate; the motor unit. Cardiac muscle tissue: the cardiomyocyte; the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Smooth muscle tissue: the fibrocell; visceral and multi-unit musculature PROGRAM OF THE BIOLOGY MODULE FOR MOTOR SCIENCES • INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CELL. Cell theory, tools for the visualization and study of cells; optical microscope, fluorescence microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscope. The types of cells and the classification of organisms. The molecules of life: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Biological membranes, structure and organization of lipid, protein and carbohydrate components. • THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. Interaction between cells and cells and extracellular matrix; signal transduction, receptor concept and examples. Channel proteins and carriers. The membrane transpose, concepts of semipermeable membrane, concentration gradients and osmosis. Selectivity of the plasma membrane. Passive transport; simple and facilitated dissemination; direct and indirect active transport. • GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL. Concept of cytoplasm and cytosol. The cellular organelles, the nucleus (structure of the nuclear envelope and nucleus / cytosol communication), the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ultrastructural characteristics and connection with the nucleus), the Golgi apparatus (ultrastructural characteristics and relationship with the reticulum), lysosomes, secretory vesicles, mitochondria (ultrastructural aspects). The cytoskeleton: microtubules (structure, centers of organizations, function in vesicular traffic, in the ciliary beat and in cell division) microfilaments (structure and function in muscle contraction, amoeboid movement and cytodieresis); the intermediate filaments (hints). • DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKYOTIC CELL. Main differences in the external surface, internal organization and genetic material. Evolution of the eukaryotic cell, formation of organelles and endosymbiotic processes for mitochondria and chloroplasts. • STRUCTURE OF DNA AND CHROMOSOME. Structure of DNA and RNA nucleic acids. The nucleotide, the phosphodiester bond, the single and double strand of DNA. Condensation of DNA (outline). Straight and euchromatin. The chromosome. • MANAGEMENT OF GENETIC MATERIAL DURING THE CELL CYCLE. The phases of the cell cycle (general description). The S phase and DNA duplication: opening of the replication bubble, proteins involved in the development of the double helix, supercoiling and topoisomerases, catalytic activity of DNA polymerases, role of RNA priming, problems relating to the direction of synthesis and unwinding of the propeller. The early and retarded strand, the role of DNA polymers I in the removal of primers, the role of DNA ligase. Structure of the bichromatide chromosome. Concept of sister chromatids, centromere, arms and telomere. Classification of chromosomes based on the position of the centromere. Mitotic cell division. • FLOW OF GENE INFORMATION. Genome concept. Concept of gene and general structure of a gene in eukaryotes. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Concept of promoter and transcription termination sequence. The flow of gene information. Transcription (hints), mRNA maturation (splicing), the genetic code (characteristics), translation. • SORTING OF PROTEIN-EXOCYTOSIS-ENDOCYTOSIS-INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION. Sorting of proteins based on localization signals. Proteins synthesized in the cytosol and proteins destined for the endomembranous system. Translocation of the ribosome to the RER. The synthesis of proteins in the lumen and in the membrane of the RER. The transition vesicles, the budding process and the transfer of the Golgi apparatus to the CIS cistern. Glycosylation and transport to the TRANS tank. The budding of lysosomes and secretory vesicles. Exocytosis, endocytosis (phagocytosis / pinocytosis / receptor-mediated endocytosis). Intracellular digestion operated by lysosomes (outline). • THE SMOOTH ENDOPLASMATIC RETICLE. Role of REL as calcium depository, in glycogen metabolism and drug detoxification. • ENERGETIC METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIUM. The anabolic and catabolic reactions. Cellular respiration as the redox reaction in glucose catalysis with controlled and gradual electron transfer from glucose to oxygen. The didrogenases. Glycolysis (outline). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and the entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrion. Structure and origin of the mitochondrion. The krebbs cycle (hints). The electron transport chain, the proton gradient, oxidative phosphorylation. The case of lactic fermentation. • REPRODUCTION - HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES - ALLELES - GENOTYPE - PHENOTYPE - MEIOSIS. Sexual and asexual reproduction, fertilization and the origin of diploidy, the concept of homologous chromosomes, allelic variants, genotype, phenotype (example of sports genes). Meiosis. The N value and the c value and their oscillation during the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis.
Libro di testo consigliato per anatomia:
Anatomia Umana. Fondamenti. Con istituzioni di istologia. Autori vari. Edi-ermes.
Libri di testo consigliati per biologia:
Elementi di biologia e genetica David Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Craig H Heller, May R. Berenbaum (Zanichelli)
Libro di testo consigliato per istologia:
sul sito http://elearning.med.unipi.it sono presenti le diapositive delle lezioni e una dispensa sul corso di istologia
Recommended reading includes the following works: Ambrosi. Anatomia dell'uomo. Edi Ermes. Atlante di anatomia. Prometheus Università, UTET LP Gartner, JL Hiatt, Istologia sec. ed. Carinci, Bani et al., Citologia & Istologia Umana sec. ed. GJ Tortora, B Derrickson, Principi di Anatomia e Fisiologia KS Saladin, Anatomia e Fisiologia Appunti di istologia III ed., on line Sadava et al., Elementi di biologia e genetica. Zanichelli Wolfe et al., Biologia cellulare. Edises Russel et al., Elementi di genetica. Edises
Recommended reading includes the following works: Ambrosi. Anatomia dell'uomo. Edi Ermes. Atlante di anatomia. Prometheus Università, UTET LP Gartner, JL Hiatt, Istologia sec. ed. Carinci, Bani et al., Citologia & Istologia Umana sec. ed. GJ Tortora, B Derrickson, Principi di Anatomia e Fisiologia KS Saladin, Anatomia e Fisiologia Appunti di istologia III ed., on line Sadava et al., Elementi di biologia e genetica. Zanichelli Wolfe et al., Biologia cellulare. Edises Russel et al., Elementi di genetica. Edises
prove in itinere scritte con domande a risposta multipla, verifica finale in forma orale.
ongoing tests written with multiple choice questions, final oral test.
Professoressa Letizia Mattii
Ricevimento Studenti: previo appuntamento telefonico o via e-mail.
Sede: Dipartimento diMedicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Scuola Medica, Via Roma 55, Pisa.
e-mail: letizia.mattiii@med.unipi.it
Telefono: 050-2218601
Professore Leonardo Rossi
Ricevimento Studenti: previo appuntamento via e-mail. il ricevimewnto si terrà a distanza mediante l'utilizzo della piattaforma Microsoft Teams
Professore Leonardo Rossi
STUDENT RECEPTION: reserve an appointment by email. reception will by at distance by using the microsoft team platform