the course will include lectures (in distance learning modality), projection of power point presentation and of some didactic films. 

Detailed program of anatomy.

GENERAL CONCEPTS

Concept of cell, tissue, organ, and system. Anatomical terminology. Axes and anatomical planes. General structure of compact organs (stroma and parenchyma). General structure of the different layers of the wall of canal-like organs.

MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS

Bone classification: long, short and flat. Description of the main bones: mandible, vertebral column, scapula, thoracic cage (ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae), pelvis and limb skeleton. Description of the main muscle groups: abdominal, shoulder, arm and thigh muscles. Description of the shoulder and hip joints.

CARDIO-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

General concepts. Pulmonary and systemic circulation. Structure of large, medium and small arteries. The aorta and its branches. Celiac artery. Upper mesenteric artery. Structure and classification of capillaries and their functional meaning. Structure of large, medium and small veins. Cave vein system. Superficial veins of the lower limb (saphenous veins). Veno-venous anastomoses (azygos system), arterio-arterial and arteriovenous. Admirable arterial and venous networks.

Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels; lymph node.

Heart: position, shape, relations, external and internal configuration. Right and left atrium. Right and left ventricle. Heart valves. Fibrous skeleton of the heart. Electrical conduction system of the heart. Coronary arteries and cardiac veins. Fibrous and serous pericardium. Fetal circulation.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Oral cavity. Teeth and their structure. Tongue: morphology, structure of lingual papillae and gustatory calyces. Major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual. Palatine tonsil. Pharynx: morphological description of its different parts. Esophagus: morphology and structure. Abdominal cavity. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. Stomach: position, shape, relations; structure of the mucosa and gastric glands. Intestine: structure of the mucosa of the small intestine (villi and glands) and of the large intestine (glands). Liver: position, shape and relations; structure of the hepatic lobule. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. Portal system. Porta-cava anastomosis (periesophageal plexus, paraombelical veins, hemorrhoidal plexus). Pancreas: position, shape, relations and structure.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nasal cavities. Larynx: position, shape and structure. Trachea and bronchi. Morphology of the lungs. Respiratory tract structure, with particular regard to the pulmonary alveolus.

URO-GENITAL SYSTEM

Kidney: position, shape, fascia and renal space; nephron structure (renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule). Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Urinary tract: renal calyx, pelvis, ureter, bladder. Male reproductive system: testicle and spermatic ducts. Female reproductive system: ovary and its structure (evolution of the follicle: primary, secondary, mature or vesicular follicle; corpus luteum and its evolution); uterus (position, shape, peritoneal ligaments, relations; cyclic structure and modifications of the endometrium).

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Structure of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, endocrine pancreas and adrenal gland.

PROGRAM of the MODULE of HISTOLOGY for Motor Sciences Teacher: Letizia Mattii Recommended text: Elements of Histology by Roberta Di Pietro, EdiSES Epithelial tissues: morphological and functional characteristics Coating epithelia: classification. Glandular epithelia: unicellular exocrine glands and classification of multicellular exocrine glands; endocrine glands. Sensory epithelia: secondary sensory cells. Connective tissues: morphological and functional characteristics. Connective tissues proper: cells (fibroblast-fibrocyte, macrophage, adipocyte, mast cell); fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic); components of the amorphous basic substance. Classification of connective tissues proper. Cartilage tissue: hyaline cartilage, articular hyaline cartilage, fibrous cartilage, elastic cartilage. Bone tissue: description of compact lamellar bone tissue, osteon; remodeling of bone tissue. Blood: general characteristics; plasma; erythrocytes; leukocytes; thrombocytes. Notes on bone marrow. Lymph: general characteristics. Nervous tissue: general morphological and functional characteristics. Nerve cell classification and morphology. The nerve fiber. The synapses. The neurlia. Muscle tissues: general morphological and functional characteristics. Skeletal muscle tissue: the muscle fiber; the sarcomere; the sarcoplasmic reticulum; the driving plate; the motor unit. Cardiac muscle tissue: the cardiomyocyte; the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Smooth muscle tissue: the fibrocell; visceral and multi-unit musculature   PROGRAM OF THE BIOLOGY MODULE FOR MOTOR SCIENCES • INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CELL. Cell theory, tools for the visualization and study of cells; optical microscope, fluorescence microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscope. The types of cells and the classification of organisms. The molecules of life: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Biological membranes, structure and organization of lipid, protein and carbohydrate components. • THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. Interaction between cells and cells and extracellular matrix; signal transduction, receptor concept and examples. Channel proteins and carriers. The membrane transpose, concepts of semipermeable membrane, concentration gradients and osmosis. Selectivity of the plasma membrane. Passive transport; simple and facilitated dissemination; direct and indirect active transport. • GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL. Concept of cytoplasm and cytosol. The cellular organelles, the nucleus (structure of the nuclear envelope and nucleus / cytosol communication), the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ultrastructural characteristics and connection with the nucleus), the Golgi apparatus (ultrastructural characteristics and relationship with the reticulum), lysosomes, secretory vesicles, mitochondria (ultrastructural aspects). The cytoskeleton: microtubules (structure, centers of organizations, function in vesicular traffic, in the ciliary beat and in cell division) microfilaments (structure and function in muscle contraction, amoeboid movement and cytodieresis); the intermediate filaments (hints). • DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKYOTIC CELL. Main differences in the external surface, internal organization and genetic material. Evolution of the eukaryotic cell, formation of organelles and endosymbiotic processes for mitochondria and chloroplasts. • STRUCTURE OF DNA AND CHROMOSOME. Structure of DNA and RNA nucleic acids. The nucleotide, the phosphodiester bond, the single and double strand of DNA. Condensation of DNA (outline). Straight and euchromatin. The chromosome. • MANAGEMENT OF GENETIC MATERIAL DURING THE CELL CYCLE. The phases of the cell cycle (general description). The S phase and DNA duplication: opening of the replication bubble, proteins involved in the development of the double helix, supercoiling and topoisomerases, catalytic activity of DNA polymerases, role of RNA priming, problems relating to the direction of synthesis and unwinding of the propeller. The early and retarded strand, the role of DNA polymers I in the removal of primers, the role of DNA ligase. Structure of the bichromatide chromosome. Concept of sister chromatids, centromere, arms and telomere. Classification of chromosomes based on the position of the centromere. Mitotic cell division. • FLOW OF GENE INFORMATION. Genome concept. Concept of gene and general structure of a gene in eukaryotes. mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Concept of promoter and transcription termination sequence. The flow of gene information. Transcription (hints), mRNA maturation (splicing), the genetic code (characteristics), translation. • SORTING OF PROTEIN-EXOCYTOSIS-ENDOCYTOSIS-INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION. Sorting of proteins based on localization signals. Proteins synthesized in the cytosol and proteins destined for the endomembranous system. Translocation of the ribosome to the RER. The synthesis of proteins in the lumen and in the membrane of the RER. The transition vesicles, the budding process and the transfer of the Golgi apparatus to the CIS cistern. Glycosylation and transport to the TRANS tank. The budding of lysosomes and secretory vesicles. Exocytosis, endocytosis (phagocytosis / pinocytosis / receptor-mediated endocytosis). Intracellular digestion operated by lysosomes (outline). • THE SMOOTH ENDOPLASMATIC RETICLE. Role of REL as calcium depository, in glycogen metabolism and drug detoxification. • ENERGETIC METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIUM. The anabolic and catabolic reactions. Cellular respiration as the redox reaction in glucose catalysis with controlled and gradual electron transfer from glucose to oxygen. The didrogenases. Glycolysis (outline). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and the entry of pyruvate into the mitochondrion. Structure and origin of the mitochondrion. The krebbs cycle (hints). The electron transport chain, the proton gradient, oxidative phosphorylation. The case of lactic fermentation. • REPRODUCTION - HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES - ALLELES - GENOTYPE - PHENOTYPE - MEIOSIS. Sexual and asexual reproduction, fertilization and the origin of diploidy, the concept of homologous chromosomes, allelic variants, genotype, phenotype (example of sports genes). Meiosis. The N value and the c value and their oscillation during the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis.          

Recommended reading includes the following works: Ambrosi. Anatomia dell'uomo. Edi Ermes. Atlante di anatomia. Prometheus Università, UTET LP Gartner, JL Hiatt, Istologia sec. ed. Carinci, Bani et al., Citologia & Istologia Umana sec. ed. GJ Tortora, B Derrickson, Principi di Anatomia e Fisiologia KS Saladin, Anatomia e Fisiologia Appunti di istologia III ed., on line Sadava et al., Elementi di biologia e genetica. Zanichelli Wolfe et al., Biologia cellulare. Edises Russel et al., Elementi di genetica. Edises

Recommended reading includes the following works: Ambrosi. Anatomia dell'uomo. Edi Ermes. Atlante di anatomia. Prometheus Università, UTET LP Gartner, JL Hiatt, Istologia sec. ed. Carinci, Bani et al., Citologia & Istologia Umana sec. ed. GJ Tortora, B Derrickson, Principi di Anatomia e Fisiologia KS Saladin, Anatomia e Fisiologia Appunti di istologia III ed., on line Sadava et al., Elementi di biologia e genetica. Zanichelli Wolfe et al., Biologia cellulare. Edises Russel et al., Elementi di genetica. Edises

There are no specific indications for non-attending students, as attendance to the courses is mandatory.

ongoing tests written with multiple choice questions, final oral test.

Professore Leonardo Rossi

STUDENT RECEPTION: reserve an appointment by email. reception will by at distance by using the microsoft team platform