Definition of risk and analysis of the hazard of various volcanic phenomena. Long-term hazard analysis with field methods and numerical modeling. Structural and non-structural prevention of volcanic risk. Volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting techniques: examples in the world. Scientific monitoring and operational monitoring. Critical analysis of recent volcanic crises in the world. Volcanic alert levels and early warning techniques as scientific forecasting tools to support the management of volcanic crises. Integrated operational management of volcanic crises by scientific and civil protection bodies at local, regional and national levels. National and local emergency plans and procedures for the crisis management in Italy.