Axonal regeneration in vertebrates. Trafficking of neurotrophic factors in birds and mammals.  Bacterial neurotoxins. Anatomy and physiology of interhemispheric connections.  Plasticity of the motor system after damage: experiments in humans and animals. The mirror neuron system in primates and birds. Neuronal hyperexcitability and epilepsy: experiments in humans and animal models. Comparisons of sensory organs in different species and correlations with habitat features . Chemoreceptors and photoreceptors in mammalian and non mammalian vertebrates; rabdomeric photoreceptors in insects. Dysfunctions of sensory systems due to receptor abnormalities in the olphactory and visual system. Human pathological conditions and experimental approaches for the study and repair. Cochlear implant, artifical nose and epi and intraretinal prosthesis for sensory repair. The experimental path to reach clinical trial from prosthetic approaches in the lab. Optogenetic targeting of retinal and cortical neurons for vision restoration.