The course aims to offer a constitutional perspective to the analysis of changes in the legal system and the evolution of welfare state, focusing on the principle of equality, the degree of fulfillment of the economic relations outlined by the Constitution through legislative interventions and the judgments of constitutional justice, the protection of weak subjects (workers, minors, foreigners, etc.). The course aims to deepen the role of political actors and guarantee institutions in the pursuit of substantial equality, with particular reference to the forms of protection of weak subjects.