ECTS - University of Pisa
Corso Integrato di Anatomia Umana II
CORE CURRICULUM
Obiettivi formativi del corso:
Questi obiettivi formativi sono in linea con il core curriculum nazionale proposto dal Collegio dei Docenti di Anatomia Umana sotto riportato:
Integrated Course of Human Anatomy II
CORE CURRICULUM
Educational objectives of the course:
identify, describe and functionally correlate the different parts that make up the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the sense organs
describe the methods of perception, processing and integration of sensitive information, as well as the methods of regulation, integration and coordination of motor systems
describe the vascularization of the nervous system and the sense organs, the anatomy of the skull, of the meninges and of the structures involved in the production, circulation and reabsorption of the cephalo-spine fluid
describe and provide examples of neurological disorders due to dysfunction or degeneration of the structures and nerve pathways studied
These training objectives are in line with the national core curriculum proposed by the College of Human Anatomy Teachers below:
Knowing how to describe the generalities and principles of organogenesis, the nervous system and the sense organs
Knowing how to correlate the macro- and microscopic, topographical and clinical anatomy of the nervous system and sense organs.
Knowing how to describe the organization and vascularization of the peripheral nervous system
Knowing and being able to describe the origin, course and territory of innervation of the cranial nerves, their connections, interactions, their functional and clinical significance
Know and be able to describe the organization of the spinal nerves, their connections and plexuses, the interactions, the course and their functional and clinical meaning
Know and be able to describe the microscopic characteristics of the peripheral nerves and ganglia.
Know and be able to describe the visceral (autonomous) nervous system, the afferent components, the central integrative areas and their connections, the pre-motor centers, the pre-ganglion centers and the sympathetic and parasympathetic visceral ganglia and their connections, the enteric nervous system
Know and be able to describe the functional anatomy of central and peripheral neuronal systems in relation to their neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, diffused projection neuronal systems, motor, cognitive and limbic circuits of the nuclei of the base, hippocampus and reticular formation
Know and be able to describe the anatomical-functional architecture of the central nervous system: cortical areas, connections, and interaction in functional networks; somatic (direct and indirect) and visceral motor nerve pathways, somatic and visceral neuro-effector junctions; skin, visceral and proprioceptor receptors; main afferent pathways and their connections at different levels, their modulation through descending pathways
Know and be able to describe the conformation and connections of the brain ventricles, the methods of production, circulation and reabsorption of the CSF
Know and be able to describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the meninges
Know and be able to describe the visual apparatus: eyeball and annexes, extrinsic and intrinsic musculature, lacrimal gland; know and be able to describe the architecture and regions of the retina, visual pathways (and other projections), visual cortical areas
Knowing and being able to describe the auditory system: outer ear, middle ear and inner ear (organ of Corti, afferent and efferent connections and their roles), the acoustic pathways and the auditory cortical areas
Know and be able to describe the vestibular apparatus: the labyrinthine organs, receptors and vestibular nuclei and their integrative roles and connections
Know and describe the taste receptors, relative afferent pathways, cortical projection areas and connections
Know and describe the olfactory receptors and their plasticity, afferent pathways, cortical projection areas and connections
Know and be able to describe the circulation of the central nervous system: functional anatomy of the microcirculation, blood-brain barrier; Willis polygon, main arteries and encephalic veins, venous sinuses and their effluents
Know and be able to describe the structure of the central nervous system: neuronal populations, plasticity, areas of postnatal neuronal proliferation; glial populations; synapses; diffused projection systems and volume transmission.
Le modalità di verifica sono organizzate in modo da valutare la partecipazione attiva degli studenti alle lezioni frontali tramite l’interazione diretta tra il docente e gli studenti. Durante le lezioni gli studenti costantemente interagiscono per chiarire o approfondire le nozioni esposte e il docente pone agli studenti domande inerenti l’argomento oggetto della lezione secondo la metodologia del Problem based learning, con lo scopo di verificare in tempo reale l’efficacia dell’apprendimento e di suscitare in loro interesse di approfondimento della materia. Viene messo a disposizione degli studenti un syllabus degli argomenti che vengono trattati nel corso delle lezioni frontali in modo da fornire allo studente una descrizione analitica delle tematiche trattate per ogni singolo argomento.
Modalità di esame - La verifica finale delle conoscenze si svolge con un esame orale nel corso del quale vengono rivolte al candidato una serie di almeno quattro domande in forma colloquiale per valutare il livello di conoscenza acquisito su argomenti di anatomia macroscopica, microscopica e funzionale del sistema nervoso, sia centrale sia periferico, degli organi di senso. La valutazione tiene conto della capacità del candidato di esporre chiaramente e di saper astrarre i concetti essenziali riguardanti la neuroanatomia.
The verification methods are organized in order to evaluate the active participation of students in the frontal lessons through direct interaction between the teacher and the students. During the lessons, students constantly interact to clarify or deepen the notions exposed and the teacher asks students questions concerning the subject matter of the lesson according to the Problem based learning methodology, with the aim of verifying in real time the effectiveness of learning and to arouse in their interest the deepening of the subject. A syllabus of the topics that are dealt with during the lectures is made available to the students in order to provide the student with an analytical description of the topics covered for each individual topic.
Type of exam - The final knowledge test takes place with an oral exam in which a series of at least four colloquial questions are addressed to the candidate to evaluate the level of knowledge acquired on topics of macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the system nervous, both central and peripheral, of the sense organs. The evaluation takes into account the candidate's ability to clearly expose and to know how to abstract the essential concepts concerning neuroanatomy.
Lezioni frontali
Attività didattiche:
Frequenza: obbligatoria
Metodi di insegnamento
Delivery: face to face
Learning activities:
Attendance: Mandatory
Teaching methods:
Morfogenesi del sistema nervoso.
Generalità, organizzazione neurochimica. Propagazione e genesi del messaggio nervoso.
Il neurocranio: morfologia della base e della volta cranica
Anatomia macroscopica del SNC: conformazione esterna del midollo spinale, tronco encefalico, cervelletto, diencefalo, telencefalo.
Meningi spinali ed encefaliche. Cavità del SNC. Plessi corioidei, liquido cefalorachidiano e sua circolazione. Barriera emato-liquorale.
Midollo spinale. Radici anteriori e posteriori dei nervi spinali; classificazione delle fibre nervose periferiche. Struttura della sostanza grigia: cellule radicolari ed interneuroni. Nuclei. Lamine di Rexed. Struttura della sostanza bianca: cordoni anteriore, laterale, posteriore. Archi riflessi spinali.
Sistema nervoso viscerale. Ortosimpatico: cellule pre-gangliari, rami comunicanti, cellule post-gangliari, tronco del simpatico, gangli prevertebrali. Parasimpatico: cellule pre-gangliari e post-gangliari; parasimpatico spinale e parasimpatico encefalico. Sistema nervoso intestinale (metasimpatico).
Sistema somestesico. Recettori della sensibilità somestesica. Sistema dei cordoni posteriori, sistema anterolaterale e sistema trigeminale: origine, decorso, stazioni talamiche, aree somestesiche ed aree associative della corteccia cerebrale. La sostanza gelatinosa del Rolando, la sostanza grigia periacqueduttale.
Organizzazione del sistema motorio. Sistemi della motilità volontaria laterale e mediale. Aree motorie della corteccia cerebrale: area motoria primaria, area premotoria, area motoria supplementare, campo oculare frontale. Aree corticali del linguaggio. Fasci cortico-spinale e cortico-nucleare: origine, decorso e significato funzionale.
Formazione reticolare. Struttura e meccanismi funzionali. Il sistema reticolare ascendente e discendente. Organizzazione citologica e colonnare. Vie reticolo-spinali. Centro vasomotore. Centro respiratorio. I sistemi mono-aminergici della formazione reticolare.
Cervelletto e le sue suddivisioni funzionali: vestibolo-cerebello, spino-cerebello e ponto-cerebello. Struttura della corteccia cerebellare e circuiteria. Nuclei cerebellari. Collegamenti afferenti ed efferenti. Aspetti funzionali.
Nuclei della base: nucleo caudato, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, nucleo subtalamico. Anatomia macroscopica, struttura, anatomia funzionale e circuiteria.
Corteccia cerebrale: archicortex, paleocortex, neocortex e allocortex, mesocortex, isocortex. Cito-architettonica e mielo-architettonica della isocortex: tipi cellulari, strati corticali, colonne cellulari. Localizzazioni funzionali nella corteccia cerebrale. Mappa di Brodmann.
Sostanza bianca degli emisferi cerebrali. Fasci associativi e organi interemisferici. Le capsule.
Diencefalo. Ipotalamo: suddivisioni funzionali e collegamenti. Talamo: classificazione dei nuclei e descrizione dei loro collegamenti. Subtalamo: struttura e funzione della regione meso-diencefalica. Generalità sull'epitalamo.
Generalità e organizzazione morfo-funzionale del sistema limbico.
Sistema nervoso periferico: plessi cervicale, brachiale, lombare, sacrale, pudendo e coccigeo. Nervi intercostali. Nervi encefalici: ipoglosso, accessorio, vago, glossofaringeo, vestibolo-cocleare, faciale, abducente, trigemino, trocleare, oftalmico, ottico, olfattivo. Loro nuclei, gangli e decorso periferico.
Apparato vestibolo cocleare. Orecchio esterno. Orecchio medio: cassa del timpano, tuba uditiva, apparato mastoideo. Orecchio interno: labirinto osseo e membranoso; utricolo e sacculo; canali semicircolari; chiocciola. Nervo vestibolo-cocleare: vie cocleari e vie vestibolari. Aree uditive e vestibolari della corteccia cerebrale. Aree corticali vestibolari.
Apparato della vista. Cavo dell'orbita. Bulbo oculare: tonaca fibrosa, tonaca vascolare, retina. Mezzi diottrici. Nervo ottico, vie ottiche, aree visive della corteccia cerebrale. Palpebre. Apparato lacrimale. Muscolatura estrinseca dell'occhio. Vie ottiche riflesse: riflesso pupillare e riflesso di accomodazione. Corteccia visiva, aree sovramodali, via del "dove" e del "che cosa", corteccia fusiforme.
Apparato del gusto: recettore gustativo, vie gustative periferiche e centrali.
Apparato dell'olfatto: recettore olfattivo, vie olfattive periferiche e centrali.
I chemocettori: struttura dei glomi e vie chemocettive periferiche e centrali.
I barocettori: anatomia funzionale dei seni aortico e carotideo.
La vascolarizzazione del sistema nervoso. Arteria carotide interna e suoi rami. Arteria vertebrale e suoi rami. Poligono del Willis. Vasi arteriosi del midollo spinale. Vene dell’encefalo; seni venosi della dura madre; vena giugulare interna. Plessi venosi vertebrali. Correlazione tra tutti i rami arteriosi e le aree encefaliche e midollari da essi irrorati.
Morphogenesis of the nervous system.
Generality, neurochemical organization. Propagation and genesis of the nervous message.
The neurocranium: morphology of the base and cranial vault
Macroscopic anatomy of the CNS: external conformation of the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon.
Spinal and encephalic meninges. CNS cavity. Chorioid plexuses, cephalorachid fluid and its circulation. Haemato-CSF barrier.
Spinal cord. Anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves; classification of peripheral nerve fibers. Gray matter structure: root cells and interneurons. Nuclei. Foils by Rexed. White matter structure: front, lateral, posterior cords. Spinal reflex arches.
Visceral nervous system. Orthosympathetic: pre-ganglion cells, communicating branches, post-ganglion cells, sympathetic trunk, prevertebral ganglia. Parasympathetic: pre-ganglion and post-ganglion cells; spinal parasympathetic and brain parasympathetic. Intestinal (metasympathetic) nervous system.
Domestication system. Receptors of domesticity sensitivity. Posterior cord system, anterolateral system and trigeminal system: origin, course, thalamic stations, domesticated areas and associative areas of the cerebral cortex. The gelatinous substance of Rolando, the periaqueductal gray substance.
Organization of the motor system. Voluntary lateral and medial motility systems. Motor areas of the cerebral cortex: primary motor area, premotor area, additional motor area, frontal ocular field. Cortical areas of language. Cortico-spinal and cortico-nuclear bundles: origin, course and functional meaning.
Reticular formation. Structure and functional mechanisms. The ascending and descending reticular system. Cytological and columnar organization. Lattice-spinal pathways. Vasomotor center. Respiratory center. Mono-aminergic systems of reticular formation.
Cerebellum and its functional subdivisions: vestibule-cerebello, spino-cerebello and ponto-cerebello. Cerebellar cortex structure and circuitry. Cerebellar nuclei. Afferent and efferent links. Functional aspects.
Nuclei of the base: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus. Macroscopic anatomy, structure, functional anatomy and circuitry.
Cerebral cortex: archicortex, paleocortex, neocortex and allocortex, mesocortex, isocortex. Cyto-architectural and myelo-architectural of the isocortex: cell types, cortical layers, cell columns. Functional localizations in the cerebral cortex. Map of Brodmann.
White matter of the cerebral hemispheres. Associative bundles and interhemispheric organs. The capsules.
Diencephalus. Hypothalamus: functional subdivisions and connections. Thalamus: classification of nuclei and description of their connections. Subthalamus: structure and function of the meso-diencephalic region. General information on the epitalamo.
General and morpho-functional organization of the limbic system.
Peripheral nervous system: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, pudendal and coccygeal plexuses. Intercostal nerves. Brain nerves: hypoglossal, accessory, vagus, glossopharyngeal, vestibular-cochlear, facial, abducent, trigeminal, trochlear, ophthalmic, optic, olfactory. Their nuclei, ganglia and peripheral course.
Cochlear vestibule apparatus. Outer ear. Middle ear: chest of the eardrum, auditory tube, mastoid apparatus. Inner ear: bone and membranous labyrinth; utricle and sac; semicircular canals; spiral. Vestibular-cochlear nerve: cochlear and vestibular pathways. Auditory and vestibular areas of the cerebral cortex. Vestibular cortical areas.
Vision apparatus. Orbit wire. Eyeball: fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina. Dioptric means. Optic nerve, optic pathways, visual areas of the cerebral cortex. Eyelids. Lacrimal apparatus. Extrinsic musculature of the eye. Reflected optical pathways: pupillary reflex and accommodation reflex. Visual cortex, supramodal areas, "where" and "what" path, fusiform cortex.
Taste apparatus: gustatory receptor, peripheral and central gustatory ways.
Smell system: olfactory receptor, peripheral and central olfactory pathways.
Chemoreceptors: structure of glomas and peripheral and central chemoreceptor pathways.
The baroreceptors: functional anatomy of the aortic and carotid sinuses.
Vascularization of the nervous system. Internal carotid artery and its branches. Vertebral artery and its branches. Willis polygon. Arterial vessels of the spinal cord. Veins of the brain; venous sinuses of the dura mater; internal jugular vein. Vertebral venous plexuses. Correlation between all arterial branches and the encephalic and medullary areas sprayed by them.
LIBRI DI TESTO CONSIGLIATI
Anatomia funzionale della formazione reticolare nel tronco encefalico dell’Uomo, di F. Fornai e M. Ferrucci, Editore: Pisa University Press, 2017, EAN: 9788867417407, ISBN: 8867417401
Anatomia funzionale del sistema nervoso periferico spinale nell’Uomo, di F. Fornai e R. Ruffoli. Editore: Pisa University Press, 2018, ISBN: 978-886+741-8848
A Textbook of Neuroanatomy, 2nd Edition, Maria A. Patestas, Leslie P. Gartner . ISBN: 978-1-118-67746-9, April 2016, Wiley-Blackwell
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy - The Anatomic Basis for Clinical Neuroscience. By Elliott L. Mancall, MD and David G. Brock, MD, CIP. Elsevier Saunders, ISBN: 978-1-4160-4705-6
The Central Nervous System, Fifth edition, Per Brodal, 16 June 2016, ISBN: 9780190228958, Oxford University press
Anatomia Umana - Trattato - volumi 1-3, Quarta edizione, Anastasi et al., ISBN 9788870514285 Edi-Ermes
Neuroanatomia attraverso casi clinici di Blumenfeld, 2014, ISBN: 9788829922314, Piccin
Fitzgerald. Neuroanatomia con riferimenti funzionali e clinici, Editore: Edra, Edizione: 7, Anno edizione: 2017, EAN: 9788821442575
Barr. Il sistema nervoso dell'uomo. Basi di neuroanatomia di John A. Kiernan, Nagalingam Rajakumar. Edizione: 2, 2015, ISBN: 8879598767, Editore: Edises
ATLANTI
RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Functional anatomy of reticular formation in the brain stem of man, by F. Fornai and M. Ferrucci, Publisher: Pisa University Press, 2017, EAN: 9788867417407, ISBN: 8867417401
Functional anatomy of the spinal peripheral nervous system in humans, by F. Fornai and R. Ruffoli. Publisher: Pisa University Press, 2018, ISBN: 978-886 + 741-8848
Macroscopic anatomy and structural generalities of the human spinal cord. by F. Fornai and M. Ferrucci, Publisher: Pisa University Press, 2018, ISBN: 978-883339-0185
A Textbook of Neuroanatomy, 2nd Edition, Maria A. Patestas, Leslie P. Gartner. ISBN: 978-1-118-67746-9, April 2016, Wiley-Blackwell
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy - The Anatomic Basis for Clinical Neuroscience. By Elliott L. Mancall, MD and David G. Brock, MD, CIP. Elsevier Saunders, ISBN: 978-1-4160-4705-6
The Central Nervous System, Fifth edition, Per Brodal, 16 June 2016, ISBN: 9780190228958, Oxford University press
Human Anatomy - Treatise - volumes 1-3, Fourth edition, Anastasi et al., ISBN 9788870514285 Edi-Ermes
Neuroanatomy through Blumenfeld clinical cases, 2014, ISBN: 9788829922314, Piccin
Fitzgerald. Neuroanatomy with functional and clinical references, Publisher: Edra, Edition: 7, Year edition: 2017, EAN: 9788821442575
Barr. The nervous system of man. Bases of neuroanatomy of John A. Kiernan, Nagalingam Rajakumar. Edition: 2, 2015, ISBN: 8879598767, Publisher: Edises
Functional anatomy, structure and ascending and descending systems of man's spinal cord. Francesco Fornai, Marina Flaibani, Michela Ferrucci (in press)
ATLANTI
Sobotta - Atlas of Human Anatomy
Netter - Atlas of Human Anatomy
La verifica finale delle conoscenze si svolge con un esame orale nel corso del quale vengono rivolte al candidato una serie di almeno quattro domande in forma colloquiale per valutare il livello di conoscenza acquisito su argomenti di anatomia macroscopica, microscopica e funzionale del sistema nervoso, sia centrale sia periferico, degli organi di senso. La valutazione tiene conto della capacità del candidato di esporre chiaramente e di saper astrarre i concetti essenziali riguardanti la neuroanatomia.
The final verification of knowledge takes place with an oral exam during which a series of at least four questions are asked in colloquial form to evaluate the level of knowledge acquired on topics of macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the nervous system, both central both peripheral, of the sense organs. The evaluation takes into account the candidate's ability to clearly expose and to know how to abstract the essential concepts concerning neuroanatomy.
Prof. Riccardo Ruffoli
Ricevimento Studenti: previo appuntamento telefonico o via e-mail.
Sede: Dipartimento di ricerca traslazionale e delle nuove tecnologie in medicina e chirurgia, Scuola Medica, Via Roma 55, Pisa.
e-mail: riccardo.ruffoli@med.unipi.it
sito web: https://people.unipi.it/riccardo_ruffoli/
Telefono: 050-2218601
